Yakin Duniya Na Farko: Cikakken Tarihi.
Yakin duniya na farko yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihi da suka sauya tafiyar duniya gaba ɗaya. Wannan yaƙi ya faru tsakanin shekarar 1914 zuwa 1918, kuma ya haɗa manyan ƙasashe masu ƙarfi na duniya a wancan lokaci. Kafin wannan lokaci, mutane da dama ba su taɓa ganin yaƙi mai girman wannan ba.
An kira shi “yaƙin duniya” saboda ya shafi nahiyoyi daban-daban, ya kuma jawo mutuwar miliyoyin mutane tare da lalata tattalin arziki da tsarin siyasa na ƙasashe da dama.
A wannan rubutu, za mu yi cikakken bayani kan:
- menene yakin duniya na farko
- dalilan da suka haddasa shi
- yadda aka gudanar da yaƙin
- manyan ƙasashen da suka shiga
- yadda ya ƙare
- tasirin da ya bari har zuwa yau.
Menene Yakin Duniya Na Farko?
Yakin duniya na farko ya kasance babban rikici tsakanin manyan ƙasashen Turai wanda daga baya ya zama yaƙi na duniya baki ɗaya. Ya fara ne bayan kisan wani babban yarima daga Austria, wanda hakan ya haddasa jerin sanarwar yaƙi tsakanin ƙasashe.
Yaƙin ya kasu gida biyu:
- Allied Powers (ƙawayen juna)
- Central Powers (ƙasashen tsakiya)
Sabbin makamai da fasahohin yaƙi sun sa wannan rikici ya zama mafi muni fiye da duk wani yaƙi da aka taɓa yi a lokacin.
Yanayin Duniya Kafin Fara Yakin Duniya Na Farko
Kafin yaƙin ya fara, Turai tana cikin gasa mai tsanani tsakanin ƙasashe. Kowace ƙasa tana ƙoƙarin zama mafi ƙarfi ta fuskar soja da tattalin arziki.
Manyan abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da:
- ƙasashe suna ƙara girman rundunar sojinsu
- ƙirƙirar sabbin makamai
- kafa ƙawance domin kariya
Wannan yanayi ya sa duniya ta kasance kamar tana jiran fashewar rikici.
Dalilan Da Suka Haddasa Yakin Duniya Na Farko
1. Kishin Ƙasa (Nationalism)
Ƙasashe da dama sun fara jin cewa su ne suka fi cancanta da iko. Wannan kishin ƙasa ya sa mutane suna goyon bayan yaƙi domin kare martabar ƙasarsu.
2. Gasa Ta Mulkin Mallaka (Imperialism)
Manyan ƙasashen Turai suna fafatawa wajen mallakar ƙasashe a Afirka da Asiya. Wannan gasa ta haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin su.
3. Makamai Da Shirye-Shiryen Yaƙi (Militarism)
Ƙasashe sun fara tara makamai da horar da sojoji sosai. Saboda haka, yaƙi ya zama abu mai sauƙin faruwa.
4. Ƙawancen Ƙasashe (Alliance System)
Ƙasashe sun riga sun rabu gida biyu ta hanyar ƙawance. Idan ƙasa ɗaya ta shiga yaƙi, abokanta ma dole su shiga.
Abin Da Ya Haddasa Farkon Yakin Kai Tsaye
A ranar 28 ga Yuni 1914, an kashe Archduke Franz Ferdinand na Austria a Sarajevo. Wannan kisan ne ya zama abin da ya kunna wutar yakin duniya na farko.
Austria-Hungary ta zargi Serbia, daga nan kuma aka fara sanarwar yaƙi tsakanin ƙasashe cikin sauri.
Manyan Ƙasashen Da Suka Shiga Yakin Duniya Na Farko
Central Powers
- Jamus (Germany)
- Austria-Hungary
- Ottoman Empire
- Bulgaria
Allied Powers
- Birtaniya (Britain)
- Faransa (France)
- Rasha (Russia)
- Daga baya Amurka (USA)
Shigar Amurka a shekarar 1917 ya sauya alkiblar yaƙin gaba ɗaya.
Yadda Aka Gudanar Da Yakin Duniya Na Farko
Yaƙin Ramuka (Trench Warfare)
Sojoji suna rayuwa a cikin ramuka na tsawon watanni. Wannan yaƙi ya kasance mai wahala saboda:
- sanyi
- yunwa
- cututtuka
- harbin makamai ba tare da tsayawa ba.
Sabbin Makaman Yaƙi
An fara amfani da:
- bindigogin mashin
- tankuna
- jiragen sama
- guba mai kashe mutane (poison gas)
Wadannan makamai sun ƙara yawan mace-mace sosai.
Rayuwar Sojoji A Lokacin Yaƙi
Rayuwar sojoji ta kasance mai tsananin wahala. Sun fuskanci:
- rashin abinci
- tsoro kullum
- rasa abokai a gaba ɗaya
Mutane da dama sun samu matsalar kwakwalwa saboda firgici na yaƙi.
Shigar Amurka Cikin Yakin
Amurka ta shiga yaƙin a 1917 bayan hare-haren jiragen ruwa da Jamus ta yi. Shigarta ta kawo:
- sabbin sojoji
- kuɗi
- kayan yaƙi
Wannan ya taimaka wajen rinjayar Allied Powers.
Yadda Yakin Duniya Na Farko Ya Ƙare
A shekarar 1918, Jamus ta fara rauni saboda:
- yunwa
- rashin kayan yaƙi
- gajiyar sojoji
Daga ƙarshe aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta (Armistice) ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1918.
Yarjejeniyar Versailles Bayan Yakin
Bayan yaƙi, aka tilasta Jamus ta amince da yarjejeniyar Versailles wadda ta haɗa da:
- biyan diyya mai yawa
- rage rundunar soja
- rasa wasu yankuna
Wannan yarjejeniya ta haifar da fushi a Jamus wanda daga baya ya taimaka wajen faruwar yakin duniya na biyu.
Asarar Rayuka Da Lalacewar Da Aka Yi
An kiyasta cewa:
- sama da mutane miliyan 16 sun mutu
- miliyoyi sun ji rauni
- garuruwa da dama sun lalace
Duniya ta shiga matsanancin talauci bayan yaƙin.
Tasirin Yakin Duniya Na Farko Ga Duniya
1. Rugujewar Dauloli
Daulolin:
- Ottoman
- Austro-Hungarian
- German Empire sun rushe gaba ɗaya.
2. Sabbin Ƙasashe
An ƙirƙiri sababbin ƙasashe a Turai bayan yaƙin.
3. Sauyin Siyasa
Democracy ta fara ƙaruwa a wasu wurare yayin da rikice-rikice suka fara a wasu.
Tasirin Yakin Duniya Na Farko A Afirka
Kasashen Turai sun yi amfani da sojojin Afirka a yaƙin. Bayan yaƙin:
- tattalin arziki ya lalace
- mulkin mallaka ya ƙara tsananta
- wasu mutane sun fara neman ‘yanci.
Darussan Da Duniya Ta Koya Daga Yakin Duniya Na Farko
- Yaƙi baya kawo mafita mai dorewa
- Diplomacy yana da muhimmanci
- haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe yana rage rikici.
Bambanci Tsakanin Yakin Duniya Na Farko Da Na Biyu
Yakin duniya na farko ya fi mayar da hankali kan Turai, yayin da na biyu ya fi girma kuma ya fi muni.
Dalilin Da Yasa Har Yanzu Ana Nazarin Yakin Duniya Na Farko
Masana tarihi suna nazarin wannan yaƙi saboda:
- yadda ya sauya taswirar duniya
- yadda ya haifar da yakin duniya na biyu
- darussan zaman lafiya.
Kammalawa
A takaice, yakin duniya na farko ya kasance babban juyi a tarihin duniya. Ya sauya siyasa, tattalin arziki, da rayuwar mutane a duniya baki ɗaya. Duk da cewa ya ƙare a 1918, tasirinsa har yanzu yana bayyana a tsarin duniya na yau.
Fahimtar wannan yaƙi yana taimaka mana gane muhimmancin zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin ƙasashe domin gujewa irin wannan bala’i a nan gaba.